The massacres of civilians during the occupation of the Balkans. The background processes sanded
Other than good people! Italians as the Germans, who from 1941 to 1943, the Balkans and Greece, apply the rule of "head for a tooth" of retaliation against the people of ten Italian civilians killed for every shot. In other words blots of serious war crimes, which shall be extinguished only with the death of the offender. Now about these uncomfortable truths , emerging with increasing force from journalistic investigations and above all the historical research, the judiciary has decided to intervene militarily. The Prosecutor Antonino Intelisano, the same as in 1994 instructed the trial of the SS Captain Erich Priebke, and searching for evidence found in Palazzo Cesi, the Public Prosecution Office general military, the famous "cabinet of shame" that hid some seven hundred practices against the perpetrators of Nazi massacres in Italy, has opened an investigation, for the moment "against persons unknown" on the massacres that the Italian soldiers in the territories employment.
We are facing a "second cabinet of shame"? Antonino Intelisano, sitting in his study of military prosecutor at the tribunal, in Avenue of Armies in Rome, before responding shows the cart with some folders that bear the mark of the year. "That the cabinet of shame number two - cut short - Journalism is an invention that does not correspond to reality. " The truth however is that the Attorney General has become the material of great interest both on the judiciary, both in the archives which are usually frequented only by historians: the Ministry of Defence, Presidency of the Council. In particular, from the archives of the Military Staff of the army came to the conclusions of the parliamentary committee chaired by Luigi Gasparotto, politics of the past that he had killed his son Leopold Fossoli in the field and had worked with great commitment and balance, especially between 1946 and 1947 , the collection and screening of approximately eight hundred complaints from from all the territories occupied by the Italians , and therefore the selection of cases which could not fail to denounce the crime. "The committee - Gasparotto wrote June 30, 1951 in the concluding remarks addressed to the Minister of Defence, Randolfo Pacciardi - took into account the complexity of the situation, but has not considered an excuse."
So could not get away with General Mario Roatta , commander of the Second Army in Yugoslavia, in that awful ring 3c of 1 December 1942 had set to shoot not only all the people using weapons in hand, but also those who smeared its ordinances, or within the area of \u200b\u200bworks of art. It was expressly decided to be a 'co-responsible for acts of sabotage by the population in nearby houses. " The Commission's findings Gasparotto, whose records date no historian has been able to study in full, also calls into question the General Mario Robotti , commander of the XI Corps, which had managed to tighten up orders at the point of Roatta say that the phrase has become proverbial, "here you kill them too little", or the governor of Montenegro, Alessandro Pirzio Biroli that had shot about 200 hostages . And a whole series character, official or officials of the civil administration, who worked mainly in Yugoslavia and Greece. Following this type of information, said Intelisano, "the late forties was opened at this office a proceedings against 33 people accused of conspiring to use of prohibited means of warfare and competition in retaliation ordered except in cases permitted by law.
The proceedings ended July 30, 1951 with a judge's ruling military instructor. These established that one should not proceed against the defendants, because there were no conditions to observe the principle of reciprocity laid down in Article 165 of the Military Criminal Code of war. " According to this rule, a soldier who had committed crimes in the occupied territories could be prosecuted as long as it would guarantee an equal treatment to those responsible for crimes committed in that country against the Italians. That is, for example, we process our soldiers guilty, you Yugoslavs condemn those responsible for killings in the ravines. Article 165 continues Intelisano, has been reformed, with the abolition of the reciprocity clause in 2002. "So when, thanks to books as they kill too little of Italian Gianni Oliva and without honor of Constantine Di Sante, or television broadcasts and articles denouncing the massacre of 150 civilians killed in retaliation by Italian military Domenikon on February 16, 1943, in Thessaly, the problem to the attention of the conduct of our troops, I decided to open an investigation. For the moment "against persons unknown" because we judges, unlike historians, we can not process the dead. "
In the folders that the prosecutor is investigating dozens of names are listed, especially military who participated in the reprisals are contrary to international laws of war. Those lists, date of purely historical interest, will become incandescent criminal matters, as soon as you identify one of the leaders are still alive. So we will have a new case Priebke. But with an Italian in the role of the executioner. The aggravating circumstance of the whole affair, says the historian Constantine Di Sante, one of the few who had access, albeit partially, the 70 files produced by the Commission Gasparotto, is that crimes were not only stained with the black shirts or military leaders politicized. But officers and regular soldiers. How the Ivrea and Aosta mountain battalions, "which rounded up eleven villages in Montenegro and shot twenty farmers' . The prefect of the infamous Carnaro, Themistocles Head, tales of saints, for the massacre of Podhum, a village a few kilometers from Rijeka, 'departments made use of normal' . After surrounded the village and blocked all access roads, is written in the acts of the Commission Gasparotto, which incorporates a complaint Yugoslavia, July 12, 1942 Italian army units, backed by police and fascists shot over a hundred men, seized all the remaining part of the population, about 200 families, property and confiscated about 2,000 head of cattle. "
The situation was exacerbated by a partisan guerrilla effective and cruel and violent inter-ethnic feuds. But how to justify the ways of Ljubljana raids ordered by General Thaddeus Orlando, that the war would continue its normal career? The capital of Slovenia February 23, 1942 was surrounded with barbed wire. Of the forty thousand male inhabitants, they were arrested, 2858. Nearly three thousand were captured in a second raid. The closure of the villages with barbed wire was applied in 35 other locations. In addition to adult males were deported even old men, women and children. Most ended up in the island of Rab, today Rab, Croatia, where he died in 1500, especially in hardship . Each year a marathon through the perimeter of the grid points in Ljubljana on the Italian military occupation period. --- (Dino M)
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